Preface

Transcription of Arabic

ONE: MOROCCAN ORIGINS
Human origins
The geography of Morocco
The Carthaginians
The first indigenous kingdoms
Rome
Mauritania Tingitana: the land within the limes
The Baqates
Christianity
The Vandals and Byzantines

TWO: ISLAMIC MOROCCO
The origins of Islam
The early Islamic state
Sunnis, Shi’is and Kharijis
The Islamic expansion into North Africa
The Berbers and Islam
Heterodoxy in North Africa
The Idrisids
The Fatimid and Umayyad rivalry

THREE: IMPERIAL MOROCCO
The origins of the Almoravids
The foundation of the Almoravid empire
The conquest of al-Andalus
The Almoravids’ doctrines and civilisation
The end of the Almoravids
The origins of the Almohads
Teaching and politics at the beginning of Ibn Tumart’s movement
Abd al-Mu’min and the creation of an empire
The intellectual life and culture of the Almohads
The Almohad economy
The decline and fall of the Almohads

FOUR: TRIBAL MOROCCO
The attempt at Empire
Religion and the Marinid state
Building Fez
The Marinid collapse
Wattasid Morocco

What the collapse meant

FIVE: SHARIFIAN MOROCCO
The rise of the Sa’dis
Sa’di Morocco
The Battle of the Three Kings
Ahmad al-Mansur
The Moroccan civil war
The ideology of the civil war
The corsairs

SIX: ALAWI MOROCCO
The origins of the Alawis
Ismail
The Abid al-Bukhari
Building Meknès
Corsairing and diplomacy
The economy under Mawlay Ismail
The ideological consequences of absolutism
Justified rebellion and civil war
Sidi Mohammed III
Mawlay Sulayman

SEVEN: PRECOLONIAL MOROCCO
The army
The financial crisis
European trade
Moroccans and Europeans
Rebels
The “Big Caids”
The interlude of Ba Ahmad
Mawlay Abdul Aziz and the Act of Algeciras
The collapse of the sultan’s authority
Mawlay Abdelhafid
The rise of French power

EIGHT: COLONIAL MOROCCO
The Protectorate
French colonial rule
The conquest of Morocco
The Spanish zone
The Rif War
The French in control
Mohammed V and the nationalist movement
The northern zones
The Second World War
The end of the Protectorate

NINE: INDEPENDENT MOROCCO
The conflict over power
Royal power
The economic crisis
The coups
The Sahara
War in the Sahara
Popular protest, riot and the rise of Islamism
Social change
The Saharan war continued
Morocco, Israel and the Arabs
Adjustments to politics and the economy
Mohammed VI’s Morocco

Further reading

Notes

Index

Maps

1. Morocco
2. Prehistoric, Carthaginian and Roman Morocco
3. The Roman Empire in north-western Africa
4. The Expansion of Islam into north Africa
5. Idrisid Morocco
6. Morocco in the mid-ninth century AD
7. The Almoravid and Almohad Empires
8. The external pressure on Morocco in the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries
9. The Sa’di invasion of the Sahara in the sixteenth century
10. The Zawiyas and the state in Alawi Morocco (1660–1822)
11. The Spanish and French advance into Morocco before the Protectorate (1907–12)
12. The French and Spanish Protectorates 1912–56 and the International Zone
13. The former colony of Spanish Sahara